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    Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
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    The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in presence of alcoholic KOH alkenes are major products. Explain.
    Aqueous KOH contains only OH- ions, which acts as nucleophile and these bring about hydrolysis of alkyl chlorides to the corresponding alcohol.



    On the other hand, alcoholic KOH contains ethoxide ions (C2H5O–), which are more basic than OH ions. Consequently, the ethoxide ions preferentially brings about dehydro halogenation to form alkenes e.g.,
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    What happens when?
    Chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis.

    Chlorobenzene does not undergo hydrolysis under normal conditions. However, it undergoes hydrolysis when heated in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature of 623K and a pressure of 300 atm to form phenol.

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    What happens when?
    Bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether

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    p-Dichlorobenzene has higher melting point and solubility than those of o- and m-isomer. Discuss.

    The melting point of p-isomer is quite higher than ortho and meta isomers. This is due to the fact that it has symmetrical structure and therefore its molecules can be easily packed closely in crystal lattice. As a result, intermolecular forces of attraction are stronger and therefore greater energy is required to break its lattice and it melts at higher temperature.
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    What happens when?
    n-Butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH.

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